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Comparison of the impact of inequality on Enfagh across provincial groups in terms of welfare*
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Abolfazl Bahra   , Ashkan Rahimzadeh1 , Mohammad Dalmakpoor , Ahmad Naghilo |
| 1- , Ashkan.rahimzadeh@iauz.ac.ir |
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Abstract: (61 Views) |
The present study aims to comparatively examine the impact of inequality on charitable giving (infaq) in two groups of provinces categorized by welfare levels. To analyze this relationship, the study employs a Panel Vector Autoregression (P-VAR) approach to investigate the comparative effects of inequality on charitable giving in these two groups of provinces during the period 2006–2022 (1385–1401 in the Iranian calendar). The statistical population consists of 30 provinces of the country, divided into two groups based on the ratio of food expenditure to income. Using cointegration tests, the stationarity of variables was assessed, and the optimal lag length was determined by the Schwarz criterion. Based on the optimal lag and Johansen cointegration test, the long-run relationship among variables was estimated in two separate equations at a 95% confidence level. Results indicate that in both groups, charitable giving per capita increases only when the Gini coefficient rises. Furthermore, impulse response analysis shows a positive effect of shocks to the Gini coefficient on charitable giving in both groups. A positive shock effect of GDP on charitable giving is observed in the second group. The demographic shock has a negative effect in both groups, and the shock of the unemployment rate negatively affects charitable giving in the second group, which has a lower welfare status. |
Article number: 20 |
| Keywords: Enfagh, Income Distribution, Inflation, Unemployment Rate, Johanson Test, Gross Domestic Product and Panel Vector Autoregression |
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Full-Text [PDF 1516 kb]
(39 Downloads)
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Article type: Research |
Subject:
Special
Received: 2025/06/29 | Accepted: 2025/08/26 | Published: 2026/05/31
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